T

T1

Digital WAN carrier facility. T1 transmits DS-1-formatted data at 1.544 Mbps through the telephone-switching network, using AMI or B8ZS coding. Compare with E1. See also AMI, B8ZS, and DS-1.

T3

Digital WAN carrier facility. T3 transmits DS-3-formatted data at 44.736 Mbps through the telephone switching network. Compare with E3. See also DS-3.

TABS

Telemetry Asynchronous Block Serial. An AT&T polled point-to-point or multi-point communication protocol that supports moderate data transfer rates over intra-office wire pairs.

TAC

Terminal Access Controller. Internet host that accepts terminal connections from dial-up lines.

TACACS

Terminal Access Controller Access Control System. Authentication protocol, developed by the DDN community, that provides remote access authentication and related services, such as event logging. User passwords are administered in a central database rather than in individual routers, providing an easily scalable network security solution. See also TACACS+ in the Cisco Systems Terms and Acronyms section.

TACACS+

See TACACS+ in the Cisco Systems Terms and Acronyms section.

tag switching

A high-performance, packet-forwarding technology that integrates network layer (Layer 3) routing and data link layer (Layer 2) switching and provides scalable, high-speed switching in the network core. Tag switching is based on the concept of label swapping, in which packets or cells are assigned short, fixed-length labels that tell switching nodes how data should be forwarded.

tagged traffic

ATM cells that have their CLP bit set to 1. If the network is congested, tagged traffic can be dropped to ensure delivery of higher-priority traffic. Sometimes called DE (discard eligible) traffic. See also CLP.

TARP

TID Address Resolution Protocol. In OSS, a protocol that resolves a TL-1 Terminal Identifier (TID) to a CLNP address (NSAP).

TAXI 4B/5B

Transparent Asynchronous Transmitter/Receiver Interface 4-byte/5-byte. Encoding scheme used for FDDI LANs as well as for ATM. Supports speeds of up to 100 Mbps over multimode fiber. TAXI is the chipset that generates 4B/5B encoding on multimode fiber. See also 4B/5B local fiber.

TBOS protocol

Telemetry Byte Oriented Serial protocol. A protocol that transmits alarm, status, and control points between NE and OSS. TBOS defines one physical interface for direct connection between the telemetry equipment and the monitored equipment.

TC

transmission convergence. A sublayer of the ATM physical layer that transforms the flow of cells into a steady flow of bits for transmission over the physical medium. When transmitting, the TC sublayer maps the cells into the frame format, generates the HEC, and sends idle cells when there is nothing to send. When receiving, the TC sublayer delineates individual cells in the received bit stream and uses HEC to detect and correct errors. See also HEC and PHY.

T-carrier

TDM transmission method usually referring to a line or cable carrying a DS-1 signal.

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol. Connection-oriented transport layer protocol that provides reliable full-duplex data transmission. TCP is part of the TCP/IP protocol stack. See also TCP/IP.

TCP and UDP over Lightweight IP

See TULIP.

TCP and UDP over Nonexistent IP

See TUNIP.

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Common name for the suite of protocols developed by the U.S. DoD in the 1970s to support the construction of worldwide internetworks. TCP and IP are the two best-known protocols in the suite. See also IP and TCP.

TCU

trunk coupling unit. In Token Ring networks, a physical device that enables a station to connect to the trunk cable.

TDM

time-division multiplexing. Technique in which information from multiple channels can be allocated bandwidth on a single wire based on preassigned time slots. Bandwidth is allocated to each channel regardless of whether the station has data to transmit. Compare with ATDM, FDM, and statistical multiplexing.

TDR

time domain reflectometer. Device capable of sending signals through a network medium to check cable continuity and other attributes. TDRs are used to find physical layer network problems.

Technical Assistance Center

See TAC.

Technical Office Protocol

See TOP.

TEI

terminal endpoint identifier. A field in the LAPD address that identifies a device on an ISDN interface. See also TE.

TE

terminal equipment. Any ISDN-compatible device that may be attached to the network, such as a telephone, fax, or a computer.

telco

Abbreviation for telephone company.

Telecommunication Management Network

See TMN.

telecommunications

Term referring to communications (usually involving computer systems) over the telephone network.

Telecommunications Industry Association

See TIA.

telephony

Science of converting sound to electrical signals and transmitting it between widely removed points.

Telemetry Asynchronous Block Serial

See TABS.

telex

Teletypewriter service allowing subscribers to send messages over the PSTN.

Telnet

Standard terminal emulation protocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack. Telnet is used for remote terminal connection, enabling users to log in to remote systems and use resources as if they were connected to a local system. Telnet is defined in RFC 854.

Tempest

U.S. military standard. Electronic products adhering to the Tempest specification are designed to withstand EMP. See also EMP.

TERENA

Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association. Organization that promotes information and telecommunications technologies development in Europe. Formed by the merger of EARN and RARE. See also EARN and RARE.

termid

SNA cluster controller identification. Termid is meaningful only for switched lines. Also called Xid.

terminal

Simple device at which data can be entered or retrieved from a network. Generally, terminals have a monitor and a keyboard, but no processor or local disk drive.

Terminal Access Controller

See TAC.

Terminal Access Controller Access System

See TACACS.

terminal adapter

Device used to connect ISDN BRI connections to existing interfaces such as EIA/TIA-232. Essentially, an ISDN modem.

terminal emulation

Network application in which a computer runs software that makes it appear to a remote host as a directly attached terminal.

terminal endpoint identifier

See TEI.

terminal equipment

See TE.

terminal server

Communications processor that connects asynchronous devices such as terminals, printers, hosts, and modems to any LAN or WAN that uses TCP/IP, X.25, or LAT protocols. Terminal servers provide the internetwork intelligence that is not available in the connected devices.

terminator

Device that provides electrical resistance at the end of a transmission line to absorb signals on the line, thereby keeping them from bouncing back and being received again by network stations.

Texas Higher Education Network

See THEnet.

TFTP

Trivial File Transfer Protocol. Simplified version of FTP that allows files to be transferred from one computer to another over a network.

TH

transmission header. SNA header that is appended to the SNA basic information unit (BIU). The TH uses one of a number of available SNA header formats. See also FID0, FID1, FID2, FID3, and FID4.

THC over X.25

See THC over X.25 in the Cisco Systems Terms and Acronyms section.

THEnet

Texas Higher Education Network. Regional network comprising over 60 academic and research institutions in the Texas (United States) area.

Thinnet

Term used to define a thinner, less expensive version of the cable specified in the IEEE 802.3 10Base2 standard. Compare with Cheapernet. See also 10Base2, Ethernet, and IEEE 802.3.

throughput

Rate of information arriving at, and possibly passing through, a particular point in a network system.

TIA

Telecommunications Industry Association. Organization that develops standards relating to telecommunications technologies. Together, the TIA and the EIA have formalized standards, such as EIA/TIA-232, for the electrical characteristics of data transmission. See also EIA.

TIC

Token Ring interface coupler. Controller through which an FEP connects to a Token Ring.

TIRKS

Trunk Information Record Keeping System. A Bellcore OSS that provides record keeping for interoffice trunk facilities. See also OSS.

time-division multiplexing

See TDM.

time domain reflectometer

See TDR.

Time Notify

See TNotify.

timeout

Event that occurs when one network device expects to hear from another network device within a specified period of time, but does not. The resulting timeout usually results in a retransmission of information or the dissolving of the session between the two devices.

Time To Live

See TTL.

TL-1

Transaction Language One. The Bellcore term for intelligent network elements.

TLAP

TokenTalk Link Access Protocol. The link-access protocol used in a TokenTalk network. TLAP is built on top of the standard Token Ring data-link layer.

TMN

Telecommunication Management Network. The ITU-T generic model for transporting and processing OAM&P information for a telecommunications network. See also OAM&P.

TN3270

Terminal emulation software that allows a terminal to appear to an IBM host as a 3278 Model 2 terminal.

TNotify

Time Notify. Specifies how often SMT initiates neighbor notification broadcasts. See also SMT.

token

Frame that contains control information. Possession of the token allows a network device to transmit data onto the network. See also token passing.

token bus

LAN architecture using token passing access over a bus topology. This LAN architecture is the basis for the IEEE 802.4 LAN specification. See also IEEE 802.4.

token passing

Access method by which network devices access the physical medium in an orderly fashion based on possession of a small frame called a token. Contrast with circuit switching and contention. See also token.

Token Ring

Token-passing LAN developed and supported by IBM. Token Ring runs at 4 or 16 Mbps over a ring topology. Similar to IEEE 802.5. See also IEEE 802.5, ring topology, and token passing.

Token Ring interface coupler

See TIC.

TokenTalk Link Access Protocol

See TLAP.

TokenTalk

Apple Computer's data-link product that allows an AppleTalk network to be connected by Token Ring cables.

TOP

Technical Office Protocol. OSI-based architecture developed for office communications.

topology

Physical arrangement of network nodes and media within an enterprise networking structure.

TOS

type of service. See COS (class of service).

TP0

Transport Protocol Class 0. OSI connectionless transport protocol for use over reliable subnetworks. Defined by ISO 8073.

TP4

Transport Protocol Class 4. OSI connection-based transport protocol. Defined by ISO 8073.

TPD

A mechanism used by some ATM switches that allows the remaining cells supporting an AAL5 frame to be discarded when one or more cells of that AAL5 frame have been dropped. This avoids sending partial AAL5 frames through the ATM network when they will have to be retransmitted by the sender. Compare with EPD.

traffic management

Techniques for avoiding congestion and shaping and policing traffic, Allows links to operate at high levels of utilization by scaling back lower-priority, delay-tolerant traffic at the edge of the network when congestion begins to occur.

traffic policing

Process used to measure the actual traffic flow across a given connection and compare it to the total admissable traffic flow for that connection. Traffic outside of the agreed upon flow can be tagged (where the CLP bit is set to 1) and can be discarded en route if congestion develops. Traffic policing is used in ATM, Frame Relay, and other types of networks. Also know as admission control, permit processing, rate enforcement, and UPC (usage parameter control). See also tagged traffic.

traffic profile

Set of COS attribute values assigned to a given port on an ATM switch. The profile affects numerous parameters for data transmitted from the port including rate, cell drop eligibility, transmit priority, and inactivity timer. See also COS.

traffic shaping

Use of queues to limit surges that can congest a network. Data is buffered and then sent into the network in regulated amounts to ensure that the traffic will fit within the promised traffic envelope for the particular connection. Traffic shaping is used in ATM, Frame Relay, and other types of networks. Also known as metering, shaping, and smoothing.

trailing packet discard

See TPD.

trailer

Control information appended to data when encapsulating the data for network transmission. Compare with header.

transaction

Result-oriented unit of communication processing.

transaction services layer

Layer 7 in the SNA architectural model. Represents user application functions, such as spreadsheets, word-processing, or electronic mail, by which users interact with the network. Corresponds roughly with the application layer of the OSI reference model. See also data flow control layer, data link control layer, path control layer, physical control layer, presentation services layer, and transaction services layer.

transceiver

See MAU.

transceiver cable

See AUI.

Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association

See TERENA.

transit bridging

Bridging that uses encapsulation to send a frame between two similar networks over a dissimilar network.

translational bridging

Bridging between networks with dissimilar MAC sublayer protocols. MAC information is translated into the format of the destination network at the bridge. Contrast with encapsulation bridging.

transmission control layer

Layer 4 in the SNA architectural model. This layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating SNA sessions, sequencing data messages, and controlling session level flow. Corresponds to the transport layer of the OSI model. See also data flow control layer, data link control layer, path control layer, physical control layer, presentation services layer, and transaction services layer.

Transmission Control Protocol

See TCP.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

See TCP/IP.

transmission convergence

See TC.

transmission group

In SNA routing, one or more parallel communications links treated as one communications facility.

transmission header

See TH.

transmission link

See link.

TRANSPAC

Major packet data network run by France Telecom.

Transparent Asynchronous Transmitter/Receiver Interface 4-byte/5-byte

See TAXI 4B/5B.

transparent bridging

Bridging scheme often used in Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 networks in which bridges pass frames along one hop at a time based on tables associating end nodes with bridge ports. Transparent bridging is so named because the presence of bridges is transparent to network end nodes. Contrast with SRB.

transport layer

Layer 4 of the OSI reference model. This layer is responsible for reliable network communication between end nodes. The transport layer provides mechanisms for the establishment, maintenance, and termination of virtual circuits, transport fault detection and recovery, and information flow control. Corresponds to the transmission control layer of the SNA model. See also application layer, data link layer, network layer, physical layer, presentation layer, and session layer.

Transport Protocol Class 0

See TP0.

Transport Protocol Class 4

See TP4.

trap

Message sent by an SNMP agent to an NMS, console, or terminal to indicate the occurrence of a significant event, such as a specifically defined condition or a threshold that has been reached. See also alarm and event.

tree topology

LAN topology similar to a bus topology, except that tree networks can contain branches with multiple nodes. Transmissions from a station propagate the length of the medium and are received by all other stations. Compare with bus topology, ring topology, and star topology.

TRIP

See TRIP in the Cisco Systems Terms and Acronyms section.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol

See TFTP.

trunk

Physical and logical connection between two switches across which network traffic travels. A backbone is composed of a number of trunks.

trunk coupling unit

See TCU.

trunk up-down

See TUD.

TTL

Time To Live. Field in an IP header that indicates how long a packet is considered valid.

tunneling

Architecture that is designed to provide the services necessary to implement any standard point-to-point encapsulation scheme. See also encapsulation.

TUD

trunk up-down. Protocol used in ATM networks that monitors trunks and detects when one goes down or comes up. ATM switches send regular test messages from each trunk port to test trunk line quality. If a trunk misses a given number of these messages, TUD declares the trunk down. When a trunk comes back up, TUD recognizes that the trunk is up, declares the trunk up, and returns it to service. See also trunk.

TULIP

TCP and UDP over Lightweight IP. A proposed protocol for running TCP and UDP applications over ATM.

TUNIP

TCP and UDP over Nonexistent IP. A proposed protocol for running TCP and UPD applications over ATM.

TUV

German test agency that certifies products to European safety standards.

two-way simultaneous

See TWS in the Cisco Systems Terms and Acronyms section.

twisted pair

Relatively low-speed transmission medium consisting of two insulated wires arranged in a regular spiral pattern. The wires can be shielded or unshielded. Twisted pair is common in telephony applications and is increasingly common in data networks. See also STP and UTP.

TYMNET

See XStream.

Type 1 operation

IEEE 802.2 (LLC) connectionless operation.

Type 2 operation

IEEE 802.2 (LLC) connection-oriented operation.

type of service

See TOS.