Projects tailor the organization's standard software process to develop their own defined software process, which accounts for the unique characteristics of the project. This tailored process is referred to in the CMM as the project's defined software process. A defined software process contains a coherent, integrated set of well-defined software engineering and management processes. A well-defined process can be characterized as including readiness criteria, inputs, standards and procedures for performing the work, verification mechanisms (such as peer reviews), outputs and completion criteria. Because the software process is well defined, management has good insight into technical progress on all projects.

The software process capability of Level-3 organizations can be summarized as standard and consistent because both software engineering and management activities are stable and repeatable. Within established product lines, cost, schedule, and functionality are under control, and software quality is tracked. This process capability is based on a common, organization-wide understanding of the activities, roles, and responsibilities in a defined software process.

Level-3 KPAs are:

• Organization Process Focus
• Organization Process Definition
• Training Program
• Integrated Software Management
• Software Product Engineering
• Intergroup Coordination
• Peer Reviews

This paper is written for organizational personnel concerned with achieving organizational maturity Level-2 and Level-3within the CMM framework.

Level-2, Repeatable
Requirements Management
The purpose of Requirements Management is to establish a common understanding between the customer and the software project of the customer's requirements that will be addressed by the software project. This agreement with the customer is the basis for planning (as described in the Software Project Planning KPA) and managing (as described in Software Project Tracking and Oversight) the software project. Control of the relationship with the customer depends on following an effective change control process (as described in Software Configuration Management).

One of the key features of the Rational Unified Process is that it is Use-Case driven. Use Cases represent a systematic approach to eliciting, organizing and communicating user requirements. They provide the way to document functional requirements that serve as a basis for project development, testing and iteration planning. In the Rational Unified Process, Use Cases are maintained in a Use-Case Model and referenced consistently throughout the project lifecycle, from analysis through testing to maintenance.

The Rational Unified Process artifacts that capture requirements in the engineering context are:

• Use-Case Model consisting of Use Cases and Use-Case Packages
• Non-functional "Supplementary Specifications"
• Use-Case-Model Survey
• Use-Case Report
• Glossary

• Iteration Plan
• Integration Build Plan
• Project Plan
• Software Development Plan

Goal-1: System requirements that are allocated to software are controlled to establish a baseline for software engineering and management use.

The Rational Unified Process advocates on-going configuration control of all evolving artifacts, however, the 'formal' baselines correspond to the following milestones:
Lifecycle Objectives Milestone (Inception Phase)
Lifecycle Architecture Milestone (Elaboration Phase)
Initial Operational Capability Milestone (Construction Phase)
and Product Release Milestone (Transition Phase)

As such, the Rational Unified Process is compliant with the CMM for agreement on requirements, their management, tracing and baselining.

Goal-2: Software plans, products, and activities are kept consistent with the system requirements allocated to software.

The emphasis of this CMM goal is to ensure that delivered systems meet user requirements. The Rational Unified Process helps organizations reach this goal in two ways:

• The Use-Case Approach ensures that user requirements are understood and captured. Once captured, the requirements are flowed down to the various "visual" Rational Unified Process models (Use Case, Design, Implementation and Test) to ensure consistency and adherence.
• The Controlled Iterative Development approach is a risk mitigation approach whereby project risks are understood and explored early, and then revisited often. Each progressive iteration, through continuous integration of added functionality, uncovers risks early. Using traditional waterfall methodologies, these risks may have been left undiscovered until late in the development life cycle. Early risk identification is of direct benefit to managing the project through requirements re-scoping or by prompting other tactical changes.

• Business Case
• Software Development Plan
  • Measurement Plan
  • Risk List
  • Project Plan
• Iteration Plan(s)
• Iteration Assessment(s) and Status Assessment(s)

The Rational Unified Process advocates that each project establishes a Change Control Board (CCB) that can arbitrate on the scope and impact (budgetary, technical or schedule) of proposed changes or defects uncovered during the course of development. To assist the operation of the CCB, the Rational Unified Process recommends the use of a strong configuration management and version control tool/environment.

Software Project Planning
The purpose of Software Project Planning is to establish reasonable plans for performing the software engineering and for managing the software project. These plans are the necessary for managing the software project (as described in Software Project Tracking and Oversight). Without realistic plans, effective project management cannot be implemented.

Goal-1: Software estimates are documented for use in planning and tracking the software project.

One of the goals of the Rational Unified Process is to ensure that the expectations of all parties are synchronized and consistent. This is ensured through periodic assessments throughout the project life cycle, and is documented in the Status Assessment Report. The report calls for tracking data on resources (staffing and financial), top ten risks, technical progress as gauged through metrics and major milestone results.

The Rational Unified Process makes use of the following classes of metrics:

• Progress (lines of code, number of classes, function points per iteration, re-work)
• Stability (type of rework, requirements or implementation volatility)
• Adaptability (rework cost)
• Modularity (extent rework impact)
• Quality (defect discovery rate, density, depth of inheritance, rework indicator)
• Maturity (test hours per failure)
• Expenditure profiles on resources (planned versus actuals)

Rational Unified Process documents that capture project plans and commitments are:

• Business Case
• Software Development Plan
  • Measurement Plan
  • Risk List
  • Project Plan
• Iteration Plan(s)
• Iteration Assessment(s)
• Status Assessment(s)

Goal-1: Actual results and performances are tracked against the software plans.

As described in the Software Project Planning section, the Rational Unified Process has several levels of project plans and a Status Assessment Report that is generated to assess planned versus actual performance. This report, generated for specific milestones, is the Project Manager's responsibility.

Major Rational Unified Process milestones correspond to the end of a phase (Inception, Elaboration, Construction or Transition) and have well specified completion criteria. Review opportunities exist at minor milestones at the end of each iteration within a phase, and serve as decision points and lessons learned for future directions.

For example: The goals of the elaboration phase are to analyze the problem domain, establish a sound architectural foundation, develop the project plan, and eliminate the highest risk elements of the project. Architectural decisions must be made with an understanding of the whole system. This implies that most of the use cases would be described, taking into account some of the constraints: supplementary requirements. To verify the architecture, a system is implemented that demonstrates the architectural choices and executes significant use cases.

At the end of the elaboration phase, the detailed system objectives and scope are examined, as well as the choice of an architecture and the resolution of major risks. Corrective actions are taken and managed to closure when actual results and performance deviate significantly from the software plans.

The Risk List is a Rational Unified Process artifact that provides an overview of all known risks on the project, and serves as input to planning and project assessments. Each risk is described in terms of its impact and a contingency plan that is to be invoked to mitigate the risk in question. The Risk List is developed along with the Business Case to form the basis for a "go" or "no go" decision on the project. The Risk List is maintained throughout the project life cycle.

Goal-2: Changes to software commitments are agreed to by the affected group and individuals.

The controlled iterative development process, as described in the Rational Unified Process, ensures that stakeholders get regular visibility into project progress and any changes that may be necessary to keep the project on track. Proposed changes are reviewed by a Change Control Board (CCB) to ensure that they are realistic and can be accommodated into the overall project schedule.

Software Subcontract Management
The purpose of Subcontract Management is to select qualified software subcontractors and manage them effectively. It combines the concerns of Requirements Management, Software Project Planning, and Software Project Tracking and Oversight for basic management control, along with necessary coordination of Software Quality Assurance and Software Configuration Management, and applies this control to the subcontractor as appropriate.

Goal-1: The prime contractor selects qualified software subcontractors.

Goal-2: The prime contractor and the software subcontractor agree to their commitments to each other.

Goal-3: The prime contractor and the software subcontractor maintain ongoing communications.

Goal-4: The prime contractor tracks the software subcontractor's actual results and performances against its commitments.

These goals fall beyond the current scope of the Rational Unified Process and are dependent on the organization.

While subcontracting is not specifically addressed in the Rational Unified Process, its tools, techniques and mechanisms are assumed to be flowed down to subcontractors so that the process remains homogenous.

All subcontracting decisions should be documented in the Business Case. Subcontractors who are following the same development plan as the prime contractor would also participate in the same technical interchanges, major milestones, and status assessments.

Software Quality Assurance
The purpose of Software Quality Assurance is to provide management with appropriate visibility into the process being used by the software project and of the products being built. Software Quality Assurance is an integral part of most software engineering and management processes.

The Rational Unified Process considers 'quality' to be the collective responsibility of all project staff and not embodied in any given organization per se.

Goal-1: Software quality assurance activities are planned.

Planning software quality assurance tasks is an organizational responsibility. However, the Rational Unified Process has a number of attributes that lend themselves to shaping an effective project quality assurance program.

Each Rational Unified Process milestone has specific completion criteria that can serve as a basis for auditing. Each activity within the Rational Unified Process has a separate review activity. Associated with each review is a set of checkpoints that represent 'gates' that need to be 'passed' before the following activity can be entered.

The Rational Unified Process provides guidance on who should review given artifacts. For example, the results of "Object Analysis" as performed by a Designer need to be reviewed by an independent Architect, Designer, Use-Case Designer and Design Reviewer. Given the defined Rational Unified Process and artifact review criteria, an objective body concerned with product quality should easily be able to assess adherence to process and conformance to development standards and guidelines.

Goal-2: Adherence of software products and activities to the applicable standards, procedures, and requirements is verified objectively.

This goal would be met by the adopting organization's quality personnel. However, the Rational Unified Process provides the necessary review checklists and document templates that can be applied as project standards.

Goal-3: Affected groups and individuals are informed of software quality assurance activities and results.

As described in Software Project Planning, one of the Rational Unified Process goals is to ensure that the expectations of all parties are synchronized and consistent. Apart from any input from quality audit results, the Rational Unified Process calls on reporting on resources (staffing and financial), top ten risks, technical progress as gauged through metrics, and major milestone results. The Rational Unified Process metrics program provides guidelines on the collection of the following metrics:

• Progress (Lines of Code, classes, function points per iteration)
• Stability (type of rework, volatility)
• Adaptability (rework cost)
• Modularity (extent rework impact)
• Quality (defect discovery rate, density, depth of inheritance)
• Maturity (test hours per failure)
• Expenditure profiles (planned versus actuals)

This falls beyond the scope of the Rational Unified Process, and is an organizational responsibility. However, the Change Control Process described in the Rational Unified Process would enable a mechanism whereby non-compliances could documented and escalated for resolution.

Software Configuration Management
The purpose of Software Configuration Management is to establish and maintain the integrity of the products of the software project throughout the project's software lifecycle. Software Configuration Management is an integral part of most software engineering and management processes.

Goal-1: Software configuration management activities are planned.

As described in the Rational Unified Process, strong configuration management is an essential element in the controlled iterative development method. Since software is evolved in stages, it is vital that software versions from the preceding development effort be available for subsequent development. Planning how demonstrably working software is to be produced at each stage is at the core of the Rational Unified Process.

The Rational Unified Process has two major instruments for defining how a project's software development assets are to be maintained, and how they are to be integrated:

• The Configuration Management Plan, and
• The Integration Build Plan.

• Managing software versioning and handling;
• Saving given Rational Unified Process models and dividing them into configuration items;
• Managing changes and releases using the change control method

Goal-2: Selected software work products are identified, controlled, and available.

The Rational Unified Process Configuration Management Plan calls for a description of the configuration control and management process to ensure that work products are indeed identified, controlled, and available.

Goal-3: Changes to identified software work products are controlled. The Rational Unified Process advocates that a project maintains a Change Control Board (CCB) and has a Change Management System to adequately manage, cost, track and implement change requests.

Goal-4: Affected groups and individuals are informed of the status and content of software baselines.

The Rational Unified Process advocates that requirements, design and implementation baselines, and traceability between them, are maintained in electronic format. Any changes to the baselines are arbitrated by various levels of project control. For instance, requirement-level changes are considered by the Change Control Board (CCB) for their impact. Design and implementation changes that are smaller in scope are reviewed at the appropriate level of technical authority. Approval, control levels, and the way they are communicated, is described in the Configuration Management Plan and in the Software Development Plan.

Level-3, Defined
Organization Process Focus
The purpose of Organization Process Focus is to establish the organizational responsibility for software process activities that improve the organization's overall software process capability. The primary result of the Organization Process Focus activities is a set of software process assets, which are described in Organization Process Definition. These assets are used by the software projects, as is described in Integrated Software Management.

Goal-1: Software process development and improvement activities are coordinated across the organization.

The Rational Unified Process is an iterative process that relies on the re-enactment of the "same" defined process over a number of iterations. This repetitive nature of process enactment, and the assessment of status metrics and lessons learned at each phase and iteration, provides an opportunity for fine-tuning the process for each successive iteration.

Goal-2: The strengths and weaknesses of the software process are identified relative to a process standard.

The Rational Unified Process represents an overall software development process that can be tailored for effective use on any given type of project. Guidance on how to tailor the Rational Unified Process is provided in the Process Configuration Manual and in the Rational Unified Process Development Kit. Other than technical and management complexity, some of the process discriminants that will determine the "shape" of the process to be used on a project are:

• business context (contract, speculative or internal)
• size of the software development effort
• degree of innovation
• type of application

This Level-3 goal depends entirely on the adopting organization.

Organization Process Definition
The purpose of Organization Process Definition is to develop and maintain a useable set of software process assets that improve process performance across the projects and provide the basis for cumulative, long-term benefits to the organization. These assets provide a stable foundation that can be institutionalized via mechanisms such as training, which is described in the Training Program.

Goal-1: A standard software process for the organization is developed and maintained.

The Rational Unified Process can provide a head start and serve as an organization's baseline software development process, that can be evolved, tailored, and maintained.

Goal-2: Information related to the use of the organization's standard software process by the software projects is collected, reviewed, and made available.

This goal would need to be supported by the organization that is adopting the Rational Unified Process.

Training Program
The purpose of Training Program is to develop the skills and knowledge of individuals so they can perform their roles effectively and efficiently. Training is an organizational responsibility, but the software projects should identify their needed skills and provide the necessary training when the project's needs are unique.

Goal-1: Training activities are planned.

This goal can only be met by the organization adopting the Rational Unified Process. However, the Rational Unified Process is an 'industry best practices' knowledge base providing guidelines, concepts and detailed step-by-step descriptions on how to perform various software development activities. As such, the Rational Unified Process is itself a good source for training material.

However, Rational Unified Process-related support courses include:

• The Rational Unified Process Overview with modules on Requirements, Analysis and Design, Implementation, Test, Architecture, Process Configuration, Management, Tools and an Introduction to Object Orientation
• Requirements with Use Cases
• Object-Oriented Project Management (OOPM)
• Object-Oriented Design and Analysis (OOAD)
• Automating Software Quality
• Configuration Management
• Software Architecture and Iterative Process

Goal-3: Individuals in the software engineering group and software-related groups receive the training necessary to perform their roles.

These training program goals would need to be met by the organization that is adopting the Rational Unified Process. However, the Rational Unified Process provides a range of courses, as described in the preceding section.

Integrated Software Management
The purpose of Integrated Software Management is to integrate the software engineering and management activities into a coherent, defined software process that is tailored from the organization's standard software process and related process assets, which are described in Organization Process Definition. This tailoring is based on the business environment and technical needs of the project, as described in Software Product Engineering. Integrated Software Management evolves from Software Project Planning and Software Project Tracking and Oversight at Level-2.

Goal-1: The project's defined software process is a tailored version of the organization's standard software process.

In accordance with the Rational Unified Process 'Process Configuration Manual', the standard delivery of the Rational Unified Process is configurable and re-scoping for use on various types of projects.

Goal-2: The project is planned and managed according to the project's defined software process.

This goal would need to be addressed by the organization that is adopting the Rational Unified Process.

Software Product Engineering
The purpose of Software Product Engineering is to consistently perform a well-defined engineering process that integrates all the software engineering activities to produce correct, consistent software products effectively and efficiently. Software Product Engineering describes the technical activities of the project, e.g., requirements analysis, design, code, and test.

Goal-1: The software engineering tasks are defined, integrated, and consistently performed to produce the software.

The Rational Unified Process activities and definition of what is required by each worker, against a backdrop of required project planning artifacts, ensure that tasks are defined, allocated and completed. The iterative development process inherent in the Rational Unified Process serves to quickly prove the effectiveness of the software development team and provides an assessment of the end-product.

Goal-2: Software products are kept consistent with each other.

Traceability among the engineering models (use case models, design models, source code and executable components) is maintained by the environment.

Intergroup Coordination
The purpose of Intergroup Coordination is to establish a means for the software engineering group to participate actively with other engineering groups so the project is better able to satisfy the customer's needs efficiently and effectively. Intergroup Coordination is the interdisciplinary aspect of Integrated Software Management that extends beyond software engineering; not only should the software process be integrated, but the software engineering group's interactions with other groups must be coordinated and controlled.

Goal-1: The customer's requirements are agreed to by all affected groups.

One substantial benefit of using Use Cases as a basis for requirements capture and description over other "formal" requirements specification methods is that Use Cases are readily understandable by involved stakeholders. As such, the Rational Unified Process Use-Case requirements capture method means that all stakeholders can agree on what needs to be done. This is further carried through the process and reflected in the models and reviews that are used as a basis for software development.

Goal-2: The commitments between the engineering groups are agreed to by the affected groups.

This goal would need to be addressed by the organization that is adopting the Rational Unified Process. However, Rational Unified Process visual models facilitate the understanding of what is required at each stage of product development, from requirements capture to deployment. The Rational Unified Process Change and Configuration Management process ensures that proposed changes are appropriately assessed and communicated to all stakeholders.

The engineering groups identify, track, and resolve intergroup issues. The Rational Unified Process iterative development process facilitates early detection of software problems through on-going integration of all developed software. Integration problems with software that is developed by a number of teams can serve as a "common space" for raising and resolving cross-team issues. This notion is supported by the Rational Unified Process defect and change request process that provides a formal mechanism for capturing, tracking and resolving project development issues.

Peer Reviews
The purpose of Peer Reviews is to remove defects from the software work products early and efficiently. An important corollary effect is to develop a better understanding of the software work products and of the defects that can be prevented. The peer review is an important and effective engineering method that is called out in Software Product Engineering.

Goal-1: Peer review activities are planned.

As described in the Quality Assurance goals for Level-2, each activity within the Rational Unified Process has a separate review activity.

Since early problem detection lowers overall costs, the Rational Unified Process advocates "early and often" peer reviews of all, and particularly critical artifacts. The Rational Unified Process provides checklists of salient features to review at each stage, and within each model.

Goal-2: Defects in the software work products are identified and removed.

The Rational Unified Process artifact reviewers have to determine whether the artifact is ready for the next stage of development. If the artifact fails to meet the review "pass" criteria, then in accordance with the Rational Unified Process metrics program, details need to be captured on:

• Stability (type of rework, volatility)
• Adaptability (rework cost)
• Modularity (extent rework impact)
• Quality (defect discovery rate, density, depth of inheritance)
• Maturity (test hours per failure)
• Expenditure profiles (planned versus actuals)